. The Great Pyramid . Khufu .
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Pyramid Complex
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Temple of worship of the pyramid is the funerary temple, built in the middle of the eastern side of the pyramid. One of the features of the funerary temples during the fourth family was that they did not reach the building of the pyramid. The distance between the funerary temple and the pyramid was about 10 meters.
The funerary temple of the Khufu pyramid is looted. Only the floor is covered with flat basalt stones, remains of columns and statues. The funerary temple was 52,50 meters long and 40,30 meters wide and had an open lobby with 26 granite columns that were covered. On the western side of the temple there were rows of columns and connected to the worship rooms of the temple. The stones were engraved on the Feast of the Dam (one of the festivals of the ancient Egyptians), the White Hippopotamus and other drawings. There are also remnants of a rainwater drainage system on the ground.
Map of the Great Pyramid and the cemetery complexes around it.
Road to Valley Temple
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Only the remains of the temple of the valley and the road leading from the funerary temple remained. The two road walls between them appear to have been painted in color, which was mentioned by the historian Herodotus in his reports. The length of the road between the two temples is about 700 meters, where the valley temple was directly on the Nile.
Of the terraces of the field of the eastern tombs
In 1990, basalt stones were found about 750 meters north-east of the pyramid at the time of the quail, believed to be the Valley Temple of Khufu. Some limestones were found in the pyramid of Amenemhat I and have inscriptions bearing the name Khufu. Some scholars believe that it may be from the structures of Khufu in the Fayoum area. The search for the Valley Temple of the Great Pyramid is still under way.
In January 2015 it was reported that a resident of Giza had been found digging in the courtyard of his house on paved stones. Egyptian archaeologists examined it and appeared to be on the road between the funerary temple and the valley temple of Khufu.
Courtyard and surrounding wall
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On the four corners of the Great Pyramid there are remnants of a wall that surrounded the pyramid, which is between 3,15 - 3,60 m, about 10 meters from the pyramid. The roofs of the wall were curved and arched from above. The floor of this courtyard was covered with flat stones of white limestone, some of which still exist. [68] The German archaeologist Ludwig Porchart finds that it is slanted to the outside, perhaps to drain rainwater.
On the northwestern and southwestern sides of the pyramid, there were two channels engraved in the stones of the floor that were coming out from under the wall to drain rainwater. The entry of the courtyard through the funerary temple _ seems to have had no connection from outside the wall.
Aerial photograph of Khufu pyramid (left), Khafreh pyramid (right) and the western cemetery field.
A second wall surrounding the first wall around the pyramid was found on dimensions between 7, 17, 6 and 23 meters of the first wall and was built of stone and mortar remains. The thickness of the wall was between 5, 2, 5 and 3 meters. The researchers confirm that this second wall did not arise during the Khufu era, especially as it passed over the pits of the sunboats that were dedicated to Khufu. It seems that this second wall was built in the Khafre era, or more likely to have been built at the time of the construction of the southern plants.
The southern side of the Great Pyramid was found to be the foundation of a third wall between the outer wall and the inner wall, which was 75 and 0 meters wide.
Remains of the pyramid of worship (G I-d).
Pyramid worship (G I-d)
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Egyptian archaeologist Zahi Hawass discovered the remains of the pyramid of worship 25 meters south-east of the Great Pyramid in 1992. [72] Similar to the secondary pyramids were built since the era of the construction of Medom pyramid. These secondary pyramids were always built on the southern side of the main pyramid, and archaeologists called it "the southern tombs". Scientists believe that these pyramids were of particular importance in the funerary rites, but the scholars still do not know their function exactly.
The pyramid of worship of Khufu is 75 and 21 meters long, and its stones have been removed and used in the past, leaving only the infrastructure. The pyramid has a T-shaped room system which is very different from that of the royal pyramids. One of the most important finds is the small pyramid, which was at the top of the pyramid of worship, a limestone quarry from Tora quarries. [73] Moreover, the interior walls are formed in a cubit-shaped structure with curtains and inclines. It is in this form similar to the abyss in the eastern pyramid of Sakkara.
The Great Pyramid seen from the North East.
Graves of Giza
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Built on the eastern and western sides of the Great Pyramid were two regular areas of terraces. The eastern terraces were designated as tombs for members of the king's family, and the western terraces were reserved for senior officials in the state. Those who were buried in the vicinity of the king were after their death by the rituals of the deceased king and the offerings made at the funerary temple. The terraces reflected in its construction and direction and from the attached furniture and equipment ranked social owner. During the Khufu era, 77 of these terraces were built and later increased. A number of other terraces were built during the sixth family south of Khufu pyramid.
Cemeteries on the western side of the Great Pyramid are divided into three regions: G 1200, G 2100, G 4000, and the single platform G 2000. The built-in stucco system in these areas is indicative of advance planning. These terraces seem to have been built for their owners as primary buildings and their owners will decorate them according to their wishes.
For the Great Pyramid, the G7000 Eastern Grave field was reserved for royal family members and princes. It includes 6 rows of north-south tombs. Three of the royal pyramids are located near the Great Pyramid, followed by eight large shrubs dedicated to Khufu's sons: Bao F-Ra, Khufu Ghaf, Hor Jid F, Ka, Ab, and Manf Ga. It is divided into four rows, two of which have two plants. It is bordered on the east by Ankh Afa, one of Sinfero's sons, and thus a brother of Khufu from his mother or second wife of Senefru.
The site of the tomb of Hattab Haras (G7000x) in the area of the eastern graves in Giza.
Hetep Hares cemetery (G 7000x)
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It is a deep hole 27 meters deep in the rocky ground near the northeastern corner of the pyramid G I-a. The crater ends at the bottom of a room that was dedicated to the mummy of Queen Hatsheb, Umm Khufu's guard, but the mummy was not there.
It is likely that Queen Hattab Haras was the wife of Senefru, the mother of Khufu. Her tomb was discovered by Archaeologist George Reisner and his scientific group in 1925. The Queen's room is located 27 meters below ground, where she found luggage, furniture and utensils, many seals for the queen. The organic materials stored in them were corroded and only dust and parts remained marginalized. The floor of the room was scattered with many gold sheets, covering the furniture in which they were.
section of the tomb of Queen Hattep Haras
But archaeologists have succeeded in reshaping the cultured furniture during strenuous work. It gives a picture of the richness and grandeur of the contents of a royal tomb. It is the best surviving remains of royal tombs from the era of the ancient state.
The contents of the cemetery were not stolen, however, the alpster coffin was found to be empty, but the Canopic vessels containing the interior members of the queen were complete. So far, no explanation is known. It is certain that this cemetery was not the original cemetery of Umm Khufu. It seems to have been a hidden tomb to protect the Queen's property from theft or was a back-up cemetery.
A fee representing Hottep Heres
G I-x
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A T-shaped hole is located about 5 and 7 meters east of the Little Pyramid - G Ia; Archaeologist Reisner believes it was the beginning of a secondary pyramid, named Reisner, site G Ix. The German archaeologist Lenner believes that the pit was prepared as an entrance The pyramid was not completed. It represents the view that Graveyard G 7000x and Site G I-x form an incomplete cemetery complex and belong to Queen Hutp Haras, and that the mummy was placed in another new cemetery with its attendant offerings, hardware and furniture. Its original offerings and furniture remained in the G 7000x earth cemetery.
Gold braceletsHetep-Heres
Scientists are still looking for the interpretation of these holes and perhaps their relationship with the unknown location of Mumia Hetep guards. In general, the design of the proposed G-I-x complex and the G-7000x are different from those of the time. Furthermore, there is no evidence of a pyramid above the location of G I-x. Scientists believe that the tomb site G 7000 was exposed in the Old Testament to changes in design and implementation and exploration is still under way.
Diagram of the Great Pyramid
To Be Continued
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