. The Great Pyramid . Khufu .
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Khufu
External stones
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The Great Pyramid was coated with a smooth layer of white limestone, but today all that emerges from the pyramid is the stratified layer below the smooth layer. In the year 1300 large quantities of stones of the outer shell of the earthquake caused a violent earthquake, and then the extraction of these stones and used in the construction of fortifications and mosques in the city of Cairo. These stones can be seen today in different constructions in the city of Cairo. Later explorers have described large amounts of debris at the foot of the pyramid built up of avalanches of the outer stone layer. And subsequently removed during on-site explorations. However, few casing stones may remain in their positions in some of the lower parts around the base of the pyramid.
Figure 1: Section in the Great Pyramid:
1. The original entrance
2. Al Mamoun entrance (current entrance)
3. A junction between the descending and ascending passages
4. Downhill corridor
5. Underground in the rock
6. Upcoming corridor
7. Queen's room and "Two Tunnel Tunnels"
8. Horizontal corridor
9. The large lobby
10. King's cabin and two ascending "tunnel tunnels"
11. Lobby to enter the coffin and the stones of the King's Closet
12. Exit tunnel and cave. "
Egyptian scientist Flinders Petrie described the accuracy of the casing as "equal to the precision of the eyeglass today, but to measure two acres" and "to place such stones in the exact position is accurate work, but to do so without concrete in the joints seems almost impossible." Some have suggested that the slurry, which provided the surface of the level, helped the masons to install the stones in their places, making that task impossible.
Khufu
The Rock Room
Roommates system
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Some of the functions of the chamber system in the Great Pyramid are still obscure. Archaeologist Ludwig Porchart has tried to explain the function of the system according to the sequence of construction. Accordingly, it is believed that the construction was carried out in three stages: in the first phase the rock room was built to be the king's tomb room, and was considered to be the queen's room, and in the third phase was built the large lobby and the king's room.
Transparent image of Khufu pyramid of three-dimensional model
But today scientists believe that the system of rooms was originally a subject as it is now and built according to this design. The system of rooms seems to reflect ancient Egyptian religious beliefs, but because of the absence of writings in the pyramid, the mystery of this system remains unclear.
Khufu
Transparent image of Khufu pyramid of three-dimensional model
Khufu
The systems of the rooms and the tombs of the pharaohs in that period were devoid of writings. The writings within the later pyramids began to appear about 250 years later in the fifth Dynasty beginning with the pharaoh Onas, where we find the texts of the pyramids. These texts show the ancient Egyptian conception of the afterlife and the sanctification of the king after his death in those covenants.
Original input to left (above) and current input (bottom, right)
The original entrance
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The original entrance to the Pyramid chambers is 17 meters above the ground, at the stone layer 19. It is on the northern side and is about 7 meters from the middle line to the east. The reason for this displacement is not yet known. Above the entrance pass are two layers of large stones in the shape of a 2-meter-thick sloping camel roof. This gabled sediment may extend along this sloping corridor at the heart of the pyramid. The stone slab that closed the entrance corridor from the outside no longer exists. Vito Maragioglio and Celeste Rinaldi believe that the entrance to the pyramid was covered with a 1.2 m high stone slab.
The original entrance
He visited the historian "Strabon" pyramid in 25 BC and described in his book, "Geographica" that the entrance was covered with stone can be opened. But the German archaeologist Stadlmann does not agree with it, and it is likely that the door was closed with pieces of stone like the rest of the pyramid for the purpose of camouflage and concealment. It is believed that the door of the pyramid was closed after being stolen during the first transitional period with a stone slab, and then closed with stones from the casing stones,Where the entrance was found during the reign of Caliph al-Ma'mun difficult.
Strategic dislocation of stone prisms
Current input
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Today the tourists enter the pyramid through a tunnel dug by workers hired by the Caliph al-Ma'mun in the year 820. The original entrance was not known during the reign of the Caliph al-Ma'mun and the workers dug a tunnel at the seventh layer of the pyramid and about 7 meters to the west. The tunnel enters the pyramid body horizontally for a distance of 27 meters (89 feet), and then drifts sharply to the left to meet with the eyebrows stones of the ascending. Unable to penetrate these solid stones, the workers dug up through the easier limestone blocks to penetrate until they reached the ascending passageway. Access to the ramp is possible from this entrance, but entry is usually forbidden.
The current entrance (alMa'mun entrance)
Downhill corridor
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The descending path is 1.09 meters high and 1.20 meters high. It is tilted down at an angle of 26 ° and a length of 34 m inside the pyramid, where it meets the ascending path 28 meters from its beginning. After reaching the depth of the pyramid floor, it continues to descend an additional 70 meters in the rocky floor of the pyramid, ie, its entire length is about 105 meters, at a depth of 30 meters under the pyramid. Then another 9 meters horizontally to reach the rock chamber.
Downhill corridor
There is a small, incomplete angle before the rock chamber on the western side, whose function is still unknown. Because of its similarity to the angle in the Medom pyramid, the German scientist Michael Haas believes that it was intended to contain a stone to close the rock chamber. Although remnants of granite debris were found in the corridor, the German researcher Rainer Stadlmann believes that the passage was blocked by large pieces of stone. The wreckage seems to have originated from the upper third of the corridor.
To Be Continued
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