. The Great Pyramid . Khufu .
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Khufu
Khufu
Aerial photograph of Khufu pyramid (left), Khafreh pyramid (right) and the western cemetery field.
The Great Pyramid or the Pyramid of Khufu is the only surviving
remnant of the Seven Wonders of the World. It is located in the Giza Pyramids area of Egypt, which is registered with UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The construction of the pyramid dates back to about 2560 BC, where the fourth family Khufu was built as a cemetery for Pharaoh and continued for 20 years. The construction of the Great Pyramid is a major cultural shift in the history of ancient Egypt. Khufu was influenced by his father, King Senefro, in building his pyramid. After his death, Khufu became the ruler of the land and it became necessary to think about building his tomb, which is the first national project in ancient Egypt. It was built by professional workers from all over Egypt. The Great Pyramid, with its original height of up to 148 meters, was the tallest man built on the earth in 3,800 years, the largest building built by man.
The Great Pyramid . Khufu
Prince Imanu was the architect of King Khufu - and there is a statue larger than the normal size of limestone preserved in the Romer-Belizius Museum in Hildesheim, Germany. The priests and engineers were sent to the city of On to choose a name for the pyramid. That name was "Khufu's sister," meaning "the horizon of Khufu." It represents the horizon from which the god, Ra, will ride the sun's boats to sail and blaspheme the stars, and he will kill the evil spirits in the other world with his paws, to build evil and sanctify his people. King Khufu is the first king to consider himself the god Ra on earth. We note that his son Khafra and his grandson Menqra enter in their name the name of God Ra.
The Great Pyramid of Giza on a Postcard of the Nineteenth Century
History and description
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The pyramid was built as a tomb of Pharaoh the fourth Egyptian family Khufu and continued to build for a period of 20 years. Some archaeologists believe that the titian (minister) Ham Euno is the architect of the Great Pyramid. It is believed that the Great Pyramid during the construction was 280 feet in the Egyptian scale 146.5 meters (480.6 feet), but with the erosion and the absence of its pyramid piece, the current height is 138.8 meters (455.4 feet). Each side of the base had a 440-foot 230.4-meter (755.9 ft) length. The pyramid mass is estimated at 5.9 million tons. The size of the pyramid in addition to the inner wall is about 2.5 million cubic meters. Based on these estimates, building this pyramid in 20 years requires the cutting, transport and installation of approximately 800 tons of stones per day. Similarly, because it consists of an estimated 2.3 million stone blocks, completion of construction in 20 years needs to move about 12 blocks of stone to its location every hour day and night. The first accurate measurements of the pyramid were made by the Egyptian scholar Sir Flinders Petrie from 1880 to 1882 and published as pyramids and jerusalem temples. Almost all reports are based on its measurements. Many cladding stones and inner chamber blocks fit with each other with extreme accuracy. Based on the measurements taken for the north-east cladding stones, the main entrance of the main entrance was only 0.5 millimeters wide.
The Three Pyramids
The Great Pyramid remained the tallest building in the world, 3,800 years old, and was not surpassed by another building until the
height of the Lincoln Cathedral was built at a height of 160 meters
(1300 AD). The precision of mastering the construction of the pyramid is in the four sides of the base. The mean error rate is 58 mm in length. Pyramid lengths of the pyramid in 1925 are 230,252 meters, 230,454 meters and 230,391 meters. The base of the pyramid is horizontal and flat within ± 15 mm (0.6 inches). The sides of the square base align with the four originals of the compass (within 4 arc minutes) on the real north, not the magnetic north, and the final base was square with a corner error with an average of 12 arc seconds. The dimensions of the final design, as suggested by the Petri study and the following studies, are estimated to be 280 pulsations and a length of 440-foot pyramid. The circumference of the pyramid is 1760, an ancient Egyptian arm. The ratio between ocean and altitude 1760/280, which is equivalent to 2 i and is different from the exact value of only 0.05%. Some Egyptian scientists consider this percentage to be deliberate at design time. Referring to this fact, Werner wrote: "We can conclude that although ancient Egyptians did not know the value of بدقة accurately, they actually used it."
Giza Pyramids, Egypt. From left to right: Menqra, Khafra, Khufu. The picture was taken from a balloon of about 600 meters above the earth's surface
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After the engineers selected the Giza Plateau with its solid rock floor to build the pyramid they began with the workers to settle the surface around the pyramid to be built to be the foundation. They measured and identified the positions of the pillars to be each pyramid facade heading towards the geographical regions: North, South, East, and West. Workers broke all the pyramid sides of the rocks and moved the debris away from the site. Thus, the engineers took advantage of a prominent part of the plateau rock to make it part of the lower layer of the pyramid. The rock of the plateau is now visible in some parts of the pyramid in the first or second layer.
At one corner appear the rock of the plateau that forms the bottom of the pyramid
They formed the part of the Dakhla Plateau from inside the pyramid building to be listed so as to facilitate the stone tiling afterwards, and fill it with cracks with stones to complete the settlement. They then covered the first layer of the sides with white limestone covering stones from the quarries of Tara so that the ribs of the pyramid and the angles of its arch were adjusted. The base was adjusted very carefully: the difference in height is not more than 21 millimeters. The measurements have been done very well to the sides of the pyramid, although the height of the rocky ground in the middle was an obstacle to measure the axes. The amount of difference from the north direction is not more than 3'6 "towards the west.
Internal structure stones of the pyramid
The lengths of the pyramid's ribs do not differ significantly from the 440-arm size
(~ 230,383 meters); on the southern side is 7 centimeters, and on the northern side is 13 centimeters. Corner angles were also very accurate; angle 2 was "at the northwest corner, 3 °" at the north-east corner, 33 ° at the south-east corner and 33 at the south-west. The angle of the slope of the pyramid is 51 ° 50'40 ", which is according to the old Egyptian scale equivalent to the height of the arm with a horizontal offset of five and a half to display the hand. This slope makes the pyramid up to a height of 280 arm (= 146.59 meters). Today, the height of the pyramid is 138.75 meters, where part of the summit has been demolished over the ages. According to the ancient Egyptian standards: 1 arm (old royal arm) = 7 hand offers; for this the angle of slope of the surface of the pyramid is calculated by elevation to horizontal displacement as follows: 7: 5,5 = 14:11 = 28:22 = 280: 220 = shadow Angle 50.84 degrees. Today's pyramid surfaces are curved and not perfectly flat. The surface of the northern surface is 0.94 meters.
Pyramid of Khufu
Heart of the pyramid and casing
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The Khufu pyramid was covered with a smooth layer of white turquoise stones. However, most of these stones were used in the construction of Cairo, making the inner part of the pyramid visible and overlapping layers. Some parts of coverage are seen in the lower layer of the pyramid. On some of the stones of this coverage are writings and signs written by groups of workers at work, and those signs and writings are written in red. The pyramid was covered and ends up from the top of Pyramidion Pyramid. This small pyramid is missing today and most probably it was a stone of a kind other than stone, but of basalt or granite.
Cover the first layer of the pyramid with sloping stones from the surface of the quarry
Pyramid heart stones consist of limestone. The stones were cut into cubes or rectangles up to 1 m or 1.5 m high. Today there are 203 layers, where the seven layers that formed the summit were destroyed over time. The weight of the stone in the upper layers is about 1 ton and in the lower layers between 2 - 3 tons.
The building of the king's chamber was built with large pieces of stone weighing between 40 and 70 tons of red granites, which were moved to a height of 70 meters during construction to place them. The workers were writing signs of some stones during the construction process, as in the buildings to reduce the pressure on the ceilings of the rooms, which reflect the measures and names of working groups, and in two cases the name of Khufu. Some of these writings were also found in red and black on some stones 5 and 6, discovered by Leslie
Greensel on naked stones
To Be Continued
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